Failing to designate a fitting method of sample preparation can jeopardize any analytical procedure resulting in unfavorable outcomes. To further continue scientific research on the selection, identification, and characterization of bioactive compounds, the selection of a suitable extraction process is imperative (Azmir et al. This is due to the increased understanding of the dynamic nature and potential of diverse bioactive molecules from natural sources (Azmir et al. The separation of bioactive compounds has recently become rapidly sought after by the pharmaceutical and food industries. For pharmaceutical and food applications, the extraction and isolation of active components and combinations of identified cannabinoids are critical steps that should be explored (Fathordoobady et al. Each product type presents its own set of advantages and disadvantages allowing for customization to serve a particular purpose (Blake and Nahtigal 2019). Currently available products, medicinal or recreational, come in the forms of topicals, edibles, beverages, and vaporization cartridges. However, as the industry expands, the need for cannabis products in different forms and higher potency also increases. Traditionally, the dried cannabis flower has been a popular product for the use of smoking and vaping. 2018 Romano and Hazekamp 2013) (Table 1).Īs the cannabis industry transitions from a black market to a legal market, product development, and methods of extraction have become a focal point. These compounds have shown to have therapeutic effects on a range of conditions such as metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, movement disorders, anorexia in HIV patients, nausea, and pain after chemotherapy in cancer patients (Namdar et al. Among all the known compounds in the cannabis plant, cannabinoids and terpenes are the most active compounds with therapeutic potential which largely synthesized in those glandular trichomes. Female cannabis plants produce more glandular trichomes compared to the male plant. In any case, cannabis is dioicous, meaning it exhibits both male and female reproductive structures in separate individual plants. Within the genus, the number of species is disputed, and the traditional nomenclature of sativa and indica may not be correct or useful in determining therapeutic potential. Hybrid species are variable depending on the parent plant they can be sativa dominant, indica dominant, or balanced. Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are generally well known, while subspecies Cannabis ruderalis is often overlooked due to its limited ability in producing active compounds (Gloss 2015). Also, developing a green and sustainable cannabis extraction method should be considered for future studies.Ĭannabis is a flowering plant from the Cannabaceae family and genus Cannabis. However, more research is needed for some of the drying and extraction methods. In conclusion, based on the current knowledge, using organic solvents is the most convenient method for medicinal cannabis extraction. This is done by outlining traditional and modern methods of drying techniques, exploring the importance of solvents for extraction, visiting solventless extraction procedures, and finally comparing conventional and alternative methods of extraction. This review analyses various drying and extraction processes to guide the selection of suitable methods for various types of cannabis products and applications. Regarding the drying process, hang-drying is the most convenient method however, it may be substituted by freeze-drying in the near future. Although solventless and hydrodynamic extraction are known for their high yield and feasibility, more investigation is needed in these areas. Based on this review, solvent extraction is the most common method for cannabis plants. The excluded papers were either about hemp seed oil or hemp fiber and protein. Among them, 12 irrelevant papers were discarded. To find relevant papers for this narrative review, 93 papers have been reviewed. Relevant keywords such as medicinal cannabis, extraction, solvent, cannabinoids, and terpenes have been searched in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases. This is a narrative review paper which focuses on critiquing drying and extraction methods of Cannabis sativa L. However, scientific publications that explore these areas for the cannabis plant are currently lacking. To date, more than thousands of chemical constituents have been identified from the cannabis plant, all of which possess different chemical properties that require different conditions for preservation during drying and extraction. As the cannabis industry transitions from a black market to a legal market, product development, and methods of extraction have become a focal point.
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